Kamis, 31 Maret 2011

Test Of English as a Foreign Language Structure and Written Expression

Problem Materials to Acquire

  1. Verbs that require an infinitive or an –ing

S  

V  

C  

A  

We  

had planned 

to have  

day before yesterday 

Remember that the following verbs require an infinitive. Avoid using an –ing form.

Agree, decide, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, plan, promise, refuse, tend, want


 

S  

V  

C  

A  

He  

enjoys 

traveling  

by plane 

Remember that the following verbs require an-ing form.

Admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, finish, practice, quit, regret, risk, stop


 

S  

V  

C  

A  

She  

forgot about 

canceling 

her appointment  

Remember that the following verb phrases require an-ing form.

Approve of, be better off, can't help, count on, not mind, forget about, get through, insist on, keep on, look forward to, object to, think about, think of


 

  1. Participles
     

    HAVE  

    participle 


     

    The concert 

    had 

    begun 

    before we could find our seats


     

  2. Necessity, usually for repair or improvement

S 

NEED 

-ing form 

This paragraph 

needs 

revising

Or 

This paragraph 

needs 

to be  

revised 


 

  1. Ability

S 

KNOW 

Noun  

She  

knows 

the answer 

Avoid using an to-infinitive after know

S 

KNOW 

how 

to-infinitive 

 

She  

knows 

how 

to answer 

the question 


 

  1. Past custom

S  

used to  

verb  


 

She  

used to 

live 

in the village

S 

BE  

used to 

ing-form 

 

She  

was 

used to 

living 

in the village 


 

  1. Logical conclusion

S  

must have  

participle 

past time  

My friend 

must have 

called  

last night 

S  

must be 

-ing 

present time 

My friend 

must be 

calling  

now 

S  

must  

verb 

repeated time

My friend 

must  

call  

often 

  1. Advisability

S  

had better 

verb 

 

You  

had better 

(not) take 

Accounting III this semester 


 

  1. Questions forms for invitations and customs

Would you like 

To-infinitive  

 

Would you like 

to watch 

the news to day? 

Do you like

to infinitive 

 

Do you like 

to watch 

the news every day? 


 

  1. Preference

S  

would rather 

Verb 

I  

would rather 

(not) drive 

S 

would rather 

that  

S 

V (past) 

I  

would rather 

that 

you 

drove  

Avoid using present time. 


 

  1. Unfulfilled desires in the past

S

had hoped

that

S

would

verb

 

We

had hoped

that

she

would

change

her mind


 

  1. Conditions

S 

will 

V 

 

if 

S 

V (present) 

 

We 

will 

write 

her 

if 

we 

find 

her address 

S 

would 

V 

 

if 

S 

V (past) 

 

We 

would 

write 

her 

if 

we 

found 

her address 

S 

would have 

participle 

 

if 

S 

had VIII 

 

We 

would have 

written 

her 

if 

we 

had found 

her address 


 

  1. Desires

S 

WISH (present) 

that 

S 

had

could have

would have 

participle 

 

I  

wish 

that 

you 

 

called 

yesterday 

This pattern refers to desires in the past 

S 

WISH (present) 

that 

S 

V (past)

could

would  

VII

VI

VI 

 

I  

wish 

that 

you 


 

could

would 

called

call

call 

everyday

tomorrow

tomorrow 

This pattern refers to desires for customs and future events. 


 

  1. Contrary-to-fact statement

If 

S 

were 

 

If  

the party 

were 

on Friday, we could go  

S 

WISH (present)

that 

S 

were 

 

I  

wish 

that  

the party 

were 

on Friday 


 


 


 

  1. Subjunctives

S 

V  

that 

S  

Verb 

 

Mr. Anto 

prefers 

that 

she 

speak 

with him personally 

These verbs follow the above formula: ask, demand, desire, insist, prefer, recommend, require, suggest

Noun  

That

S 

Verb 

 

The recommendation  

That

we 

be

evaluated was approved

These nouns follow the above formula: recommendation, requirement, suggestion


 

  1. Impersonal expressions

It is 

adjective 

to-infinitive 

 

It is 

adjective 

that 

S 

Verb 

 

It is 

important 

that 

the data 

be 

verified 

These adjectives use this pattern: essential, imperative, important, necessary


 

  1. Causatives

S  

HAVE 

someone 

verb 

 

Mr. Anto 

Had

the students 

give 

oral reports 

S 

GET 

someone 

to-infinitive 

 

Mr. Anto  

Got

the students 

to give 

oral reports

S 

HAVE/GET 

something 

VIII 

 

He 

had/got 

his car 

fixed 

 


 

  1. Tag Questions

S  

BE 

 

BE not 

S 

The mail 

Is

late, 

isn't  

it? 

S  

BE not 

 

BE 

S 

The mail 

is not 

late again, 

is 

it? 

S 

V (present) 

 

DO NOT 

S 

They  

Agree

with us, 

don't 

they? 

S 

V (past) 

 

DID NOT

S 

They  

Agreed

with us 

didn't 

they? 

S 

Will

verb 

won't 

S 

You  

will  

help 

won't 

they? 

S 

ought to 

verb 

shouldn't 

S 

I  

ought to 

complain 

shouldn't

I?

Let's 

Verb

 

Shall 

we 

Let's 

Talk

about it 

shall 

we? 

S's 

-ing form 

 

isn't 

S 

She's 

Doing

her best 

isn't

she? 

S's  

participle 

her best 

hasn't 

S 

She's 

Done

her best 

hasn't 

she? 


 

  1. Affirmative agreement

S  

BE 

 

and 

so 

BE 

S 

They  

Were

surprised 

and 

so 

were 

we 

S 

V 

 

and 

so 

DO 

S 

My wife 

Talked

to him 

and 

so 

did 

I  


 


 


 


 

  1. Negative agreement

S 

Modal

Have

Do

Be not

VI

VIII

VI

-ing 

and 

neither 

Modal

Have

Do

Be  

S 

She 

won't

hasn't

doesn't

isn't 

go

gone

go

going 

and 

neither 

will

have

do

am 

I

I

I

I 

S 

Modal

Have

Do

Be not 

VI

VIII

VI

-ing 

and 

S 

Modal

Have

Do

Be  

either 

She 

won't

hasn't

doesn't

isn't 

go

gone

go

going 

and

I

I

I

I  

won't

haven't

don't

am not 

either 


 

  1. Negative Imperatives

Please don't 

Verb  

 

Please don't 

tell 

anyone 

Would you please not 

Verb 

 

Would you please not 

tell 

anyone 


 

  1. Passives

AUXILIARY 

Main Verb 

Modal  

Perfect

(telah) 

Continuous

(sedang) 

Passive

(di/ter …..) 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

Can

May

Must

Will

Shall

Ought to

Etc…. 

Forms of Have

Forms of be 

Forms of be 

  1. VI
  2. V Ing
  3. VIII 


 

1

2~1 

: 

S 

+ 

Is/am/are/was/were… 

+ 

VIII 

2

3~2~1 

: 

S 

+ 

Is/am/are/was/were + being 

+ 

VIII 

3

4~2~1 

: 

S 

+ 

Has/have/had + been 

+ 

VIII

4

5~2~1 

: 

S 

+ 

One modal + be  

+ 

VIII 

5

5~4~2~1 

: 

S 

+ 

One modal + have + been 

+ 

V-III 


 

It 

BE 

Pronoun (Subject) 

 

It  

is 

he 

whom the committee has named 


 

S  

V 

Pronoun (Object) 

 

They  

ask 

us, Jane and me 

whether we were satisfied

Let 

Pronoun (object) 

V 

 

Let  

us (you and me) 

try  

to reach an agreement 


 

  1. Prepositions with object pronouns
     

    Prepositions  

    Pronouns(object) 

    I'll be glad to take a message 

    for 

    her 

    Instances of prepositions: among, between, for, from, of, to, with, etc


     

  2. Relative pronouns which refer to persons and things

S  

who 

V 

 

Everyone 

WHO 

took 

the tour was impressed by the scenery 

 

whom 

S

 

I know much about the man 

WHOM 

you

are speaking with

 

Something  

which 

 

This is  

the typewriter 

WHICH 

you ordered 


 

  1. Reflexive pronouns

S 

V 

Pronouns (reflexive) 

Some language learners 

can correct 

themselves 

Instances of reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourself, themselves  


 

  1. Reciprocal pronouns

S 

V 

Pronouns (reciprocal) 

 

My sister and I

visit  

each other  

about once a week 

Each other is for two persons and one another is for more than two persons


 

  1. Count and non-count nouns
     

    few

    many  

    Noun (count)

     

    There are 

    few

    many 

    reference books

    TV programs  

    may be checked out

    for children

     

    little

    much 

    Noun (non-count)

     

    We have done 

    little

    much 

    traveling

    information 

     

    Only  

    a few 

    Noun (count) 

     

    Only  

    a few  

    dollars  

    have been transferred 

     

    Only  

    A little 

    Non (non-count) 

    We have  

    only 

    a little 

    Homework 

    A large (small) number of 

    noun (count)

      

    A large number of 

    students 

    are from suburb 

     

    A large (small) amount of 

    Noun (non-count) 

      

    A small amount of  

    rain 

    is expected tomorrow 

     


     


 

  1. Classifications with kind and type
     

    One kind/s

    One type/s

    of 

    noun (singular / plural count)

    non-count 

    Cable TV has many different

    Dr. Parker gives several 

    kinds

    types 

    of 

    shows

    homework 

    One

    kind

    type 

    of

    show is news

    homework is a lab report 


     

  2. Numbers with nouns
     

    the 

    Ordinal number 

    Noun 

    I am outlining

    the

    sixth

    chapter in my notebook

     

    noun

    Cardinal number

     

    I am outlining 

    chapter 

    six 

    in my notebook 


     

  3. Ing and infinitive subjects

S (-ing) 

V 

  

Reading quickly  

requires 

practice 

 

S (infinitive) 

V

  

To read Javanese  

is 

more difficult

 


 

  1. Nouns which function as adjective

When two noun occur together, the first noun is as an adjective, not in plural form and not in possessive form

 

noun 

noun 

 

All of us are foreign  

language 

teachers 

 


 

  1. Hyphenated adjectives

Avoid using a plural form. 

 

a 

adj 

- 

adj 

noun 

English Three is 

a 

ninety 

- 

minute 

class 

A  

adj 

- 

adj

- 

adj 

noun 

 

A  

sixty 

- 

year 

- 

old 

employee 

may retire 


 

  1. Negative adjectives

Avoid using not or none 

No 

Noun 

No  

tests are scheduled on the first day of orientation. 


 

  1. Cause and result Clause

Avoid using as or too and that.

S 

V 

so 

adjective

adverb 

that

S 

V 

 

She

The music 

got up

was 

so

so 

late

loud 

that

that 

she

we 

missed

couldn't talk 

her bus 

S 

V 

such  

adjective 

noun

that

S

V

It

was

such

a lovely

day

that

we

went out

S 

V 

so 

adjective 

that 

S 

V 

 

The day 

was 

so 

lovely 

that 

we 

went out 

 

S 

V 

so 

adjective

a 

noun 

That

S 

V 

It  

was 

so  

lovely 

a 

day 

That

we 

went out 

 

too 

adj 

Infinitive

This tea is 

too 

hot 

to drink 


 

  1. –ed and –ing adjectives
     

    -ed adjective 

    (by someone or something) 

    The audience is 

    thrilled 

    by the concert 

     

    -ing adjective  

    (someone or something)

    The concert is 

    thrilling 

    the audience 


     

  2. Sufficiency for a purpose

Avoid using as between enough and infinitive

S 

V 

adjective 

enough 

To inf 

   

It  

is 

warm 

enough 

to go swimming 

   


 

  1. Adjectives with verb of senses

Use adjectives after these following verbs: feel, look, smell, sound, taste, etc

S 

V 

adjective 

 

I  

felt 

bad 

about the mistake 


 

  1. The adverbs of manner fast and late


 

S 

V 

 

Fast 

This medication  

relieves 

headache 

fast

S  

V  

 

late 

 

My roommate 

returned 

home 

late 

last night 


 

  1. Consecutives

One 

Noun (singular) 

 

another 

Noun (singular) 

 

the other

Noun (singular) 

One  

movie 

starts at 5 

 

movie 

at 7 and

 

movie at 8

Some  

Noun plural 

 

other 

Noun plural 

 

the other 

Noun plural 

Some 

houses 

are for rent 

 

houses 

are for sale and 

 

houses are empty

Some  

houses 

are for rent 

others 

are for sale and 

the others 

Are empty


 

  1. Problems with Connectors
     

    noun

    adjective 

    as well as 

    Noun

    adjective 

    He plays

    He is 

    basket

    nice 

     

    football

    handsome 

     

    both 

    noun

    adjective 

    and 

    noun

    adjective 

     
      

    Dr. Jones  

     

    Miss Smith

    spoke 

    The lecture was 

     

    interesting 

     

    instructive 

     
     

    not only 

    noun

    adjective 

    but also 

    noun

    adjective 

     

    One should take

    Checks are 

     

    cash

    safer 

     

    checks

    better. 

     
     

    noun

    adjective 

    instead of 

    noun

    adjective 

     


     

  2. Addition

Remember: Besides means in addition to Beside means near


 


 


 

  1. NounVMiddle ComparisonNounlike
    the same as
    similar toI believe thatthis coatisthat oneNoun andNoun VMiddle Comparisonlike
    the same as
    similar toI believe thatthis coatandthat oneare

Noun  

V  

the same 

Noun (quality) 

as 

noun 

She  

is 

 

age  

 

John  

Examples of noun quality : Age, color, height, length, price, size, style, weight 

Noun  

V  

as 

Adjective (quality) 

as 

noun 

She  

is 

 

old 

as 

John  


 

different from 

 

This one is

 

the rest 

 

differ 

from 

 

This one 

differs 

from 

the rest 


 

multiple 

as 

much

many 

as 

 

Fresh fruit costs

We have 

twice

half 

 

much

many 

as

canned fruits

we need 


 

Noun (singular) 

 

more + adjective

adjective -er 

than 

that 

 

The climate in the north 

is 

colder

  

of the south 

Noun (plural) 

 

more + adjective

adjective -er 

than 

those 

 

The prices 

are 

more expensive 

  

at a discount store

Noun (plural and singular) 

 

different 

from 

those 

 

 

 

 

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